A Probabilistic Study of Duration of Post-partum Amenorrhoea in rural Uttar Pradesh

Main Article Content

Ravikant Maurya
Brijesh Pratap Singh
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2582-4052
Abhay Kumar Tiwari
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2582-4052
Anuj Singh
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2582-4052

Abstract

The present study introduces a model designed to assess the distribution of post-partum amenorrhea durations through a mixture of two Weibull distribution. The suitability of the model is evaluated by analysing data extracted from a research project funded by the Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR). The analysis shows that breastfeeding plays a significant role in how long PPA lasts, with longer breastfeeding linked to longer periods without menstruation. Additionally, women with lower socio-economic status and poorer nutrition tend to have longer PPA durations. Using the two Weibull distributions helps capture the different patterns of PPA, providing a detailed understanding of this important health issue.

Article Details

How to Cite
Maurya, R. ., Pratap Singh, B., Kumar Tiwari, A., & Singh, A. (2025). A Probabilistic Study of Duration of Post-partum Amenorrhoea in rural Uttar Pradesh. Brazilian Journal of Biometrics, 43(2), e–43739. https://doi.org/10.28951/bjb.v43i2.739
Section
Articles

References

Aryal, T. R. Post-partum amenorrhea among Nepalese mothers. Journal of Population and Social Studies [JPSS], 16(1), 35-64. 2007.

Aryal, G. R., & Tsokos, C. P. Transmuted Weibull distribution: A generalization of the Weibull probability distribution. European Journal of pure and applied mathematics, 4(2), 89-102. 2011.

Bongaarts J. A framework for analyzing the proximate determinants of fertility. Population and Development Review 4(1): 105-132. 1978. https://doi.org/10.2307/1972149

Cleland J, Casterline JB, Singh S, Ashurst H. The effects of nuptiality, contraception and breastfeeding on fertility in developing countries, International Family Planning Perspectives 10(3): 86-93. 1984. https://doi.org/10.2307/2947611

Frisch RE. Population, food intake, and fertility. Science 199: 22-30. 1978. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.199.4324.22

Habicht JP, DaVanzo J, Butz WP, Meyers L. The contraceptive role of breastfeeding. Population Studies 39(2): 213-232. 1985. https://doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000141456.

Hossain, M. B., Phillips, J. F., & LeGrand, T. K. The impact of childhood mortality on fertility in six rural thanas of Bangladesh. Demography, 44(4), 771-784. 2007. doi: 10.1353/dem.2007.0047.

Huffman S, FordLK, Allen HA Jr, Streble P. Nutrition and fertility in Bangladesh: breastfeeding and post-partum amenorrhoea. Population Studies 41(3): 447-462. 1987. https://doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000142996

Jones RE.Breastfeeding and post-partum amenorrhoea in Indonesia. Journal of Biosocial Science 21(1): 83-100. 1989. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000017740

Jones RE. The effect of initiation of child supplementation on resumption of postpartum menstruation. Journal of Biosocial Science 22(2): 173-189. 1990. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000018514

Joshi, A. K., Tiwari, D. P., Poudyal, A., Shrestha, N., Acharya, U., & Dhungana, G. P. Utilization of family planning methods among postpartum mothers in Kailali district, Nepal. International journal of women's health, 487-494. 2020. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijwh.s249044

Kapoor, A. Statistical modelling of length of postpartum amenorrhea. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 4(9), 4001-4006. 2016.

Mishra, R., Singh, K. K., & Singh Brijesh, P. Duration of Post-partum Amenorrhoea: A Model-based Approach. Indian Journal of Population and Development, 1(1), 41-50. 2021.

Mukherjee S, Singh KK, Bhattacharya BN. Breastfeeding in eastern Uttar Pradesh, India: differentials and determinants . Janasamkhya 9(1-2): 25-41. 1991.

Nath DC, Land KC, Singh KK. The role of breastfeeding beyond post-partum amenorrhoea on the return of fertility in India: a life table and hazard model analysis. Journal of Biosocial Science 26(2): 91-206. 1994. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000021234

Pal, R., Maheshwari, S., Kaka, N., Patel, N., & Sethi, Y. Knowledge, attitude and practices of postpartum females regarding the acceptance of immediate postpartum contraception: a cross-sectional study from North India. Cureus, 14(10). 2022. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.29824

Rahman, S. M., Ahmed, T., Ahmed, S., Akter, T., Haque, M. R., & Islam, S. Modelling the length of postpartum amenorrhea among rural Bangladeshi women. PloS one, 14(10), e0223521. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20267

Ramachandran P. Breast-feeding and fertility: sociocultural factors. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 25(1): 191-206. 1978. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7292(87)90405-X

Singh KK, Suchindran CM, Singh RS. Smoothed breastfeeding durations and waiting time to conception. Social Biology 41(3-4): 229-239. 1994. https://doi.org/10.1080/19485565.1994.9988874

Singh KK, Suchindran CM, Singh K. Breastfeeding and post-partum amenorrhoea: an Indian experience. Demography India 28(1): 1-12. 1999.

Singh SN, Singh KK. Life table analysis of censored data on post-partum amenorrhoea period. Demography India 18: 27-38. 1989.

Singh SN, Singh KK, Singh SK, Singh K. Socio-economic development and transition in the duration of post-partum amenorrhoea: smooth survival function analysis data. Janasamkhya 8(1): 41-54. 1990.

Srinivasan K, Pathak KB, Pandey A. Determinants of breastfeeding and postpartum amenorrhoea in Orissa. Journal of Biosocial Science 21(3): 365-371. 1989. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002193200001806X

Yadava K.N.S. “Effect of Breastfeeding on Fertility in Rural Northern India” A research project, financed by Rockefeller Foundation, USA, Centre of Population Studies, Banaras Hindu University, India. 1989.

Yadava, R. C., Pandey, R., & TIWARI, A. Post-Partum Amenorrhea and its Determinants. SLJP.Vol.11:39-51. 2009.